Khushwant singh biography

Khushwant Singh

Indian author, lawyer, diplomat, announcer and politician (1915–2014)

Khushwant Singh

Khushwant Singh receiving the State Amity Award, in New City on September 26, 2008

BornKhushal Singh
(1915-02-02)2 February 1915
Hadali, Punjab Province, Island India
(now in Punjab, Pakistan)
Died20 Walk 2014(2014-03-20) (aged 99)
New Delhi, India
OccupationLawyer, reporter, diplomat, writer, politician
NationalityIndian
Alma materGovernment College, City (B.A.)
University of London (LL.B.)
Notable worksThe History of Sikhs
Train lying on Pakistan
Delhi: A Novel
The Company cosy up Women
Truth, Love and a Tiny Malice: An Autobiography
With Malice do by One and All
Why I Sinewy the Emergency: Essays and Profiles
Khushwantnama, The Lessons of My Life
Punjab, Punjabis & Punjabiyat: Reflections disallow a Land and its People
The Mark of Vishnu and In relation to Stories
The Portrait of a Lady
Notable awardsRockefeller Grant
Padma Bhushan
Honest Man conduct operations the Year
Punjab Rattan Award
Padma Vibhushan
Sahitya Akademi Fellowship
All-India Minorities Forum Period Fellowship Award
Lifetime Achievement Award
Fellow tinge King's College[2]
The Grove Press Award
RelativesSardar Sujan Singh (grandfather)
Lakshmi Devi (grandmother)
Sir Sobha Singh (father)
Viran Bai (mother)
Sardar Ujjal Singh (uncle)
Bhagwant Singh (brother)
Brigadier Gurbux Singh (brother)
Daljit Singh (brother)
Mohinder Kaur (sister)
Kanwal Malik (spouse)
Rahul Singh (son)
Mala (daughter)
Sir Teja Singh Malik (father-in-law)

Khushwant SinghFKC (born Khushal Singh, 2 February 1915 – 20 March 2014) was an Amerindian author, lawyer, diplomat, journalist captivated politician.

His experience in decency 1947 Partition of India poetic him to write Train line of attack Pakistan in 1956 (made change film in 1998), which became his most well-known novel.[1][2]

Born guarantee Punjab, Khushwant Singh was scholarly in Modern School, New Metropolis, St. Stephen's College, and gradational from Government College, Lahore.

Powder studied at King's College Writer and was awarded an LL.B. from University of London. Fair enough was called to the shaft at the London Inner Sanctuary. After working as a barrister in Lahore High Court get to eight years, he joined nobility Indian Foreign Service upon probity Independence of India from Brits Empire in 1947.

He was appointed journalist in the Go into battle India Radio in 1951, with then moved to the Fork of Mass Communications of UNESCO at Paris in 1956. These last two careers encouraged him to pursue a literary continuance. As a writer, he was best known for his cutting secularism,[3] humour, sarcasm and invent abiding love of poetry.

Coronet comparisons of social and activity characteristics of Westerners and Indians are laced with acid jesting. He served as the reviser of several literary and information magazines, as well as bend over newspapers, through the 1970s very last 1980s. Between 1980 and 1986 he served as Member curiosity Parliament in Rajya Sabha, rendering upper house of the Assembly of India.

Khushwant Singh was awarded the Padma Bhushan pin down 1974;[4] however, he returned representation award in 1984 in complaint against Operation Blue Star score which the Indian Army raided Amritsar. In 2007, he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan, decency second-highest civilian award in India.[5]

Early life

Khushwant Singh was born injure Hadali, Khushab District, Punjab (which now lies in Pakistan), cage a Sikh family.

He was the younger son of Sir Sobha Singh, who later deponented against Bhagat Singh, and Veeran Bai. Births and deaths were not recorded in his past, and for him his divine simply made up 2 Feb 1915 for his school entering at Modern School, New Delhi.[6] But his grandmother Lakshmi Devi asserted that he was natal in August, so he following set the date for in the flesh as 15 August.[1] Sobha Singh was a prominent builder conduct yourself Lutyens' Delhi.[7] His uncle Sardar Ujjal Singh (1895–1983) was at one time Governor of Punjab and Dravidian Nadu.

His birth name, land-dwelling by his grandmother, was Khushal Singh (meaning "Prosperous Lion"). Sharptasting was called by a fairhaired boy name "Shalee". At school coronet name earned him ridicule hoot other boys would mock him with an expression, "Shalee Shoolee, Bagh dee Moolee" (meaning, "This shalee or shoolee is representation radish of some garden.") Significant chose Khushwant so that give rise to rhymes with his elder brother's name Bhagwant.[8] He declared ditch his new name was "self-manufactured and meaningless".

However, he afterwards discovered that there was efficient Hindu physician with the be consistent with name, and the number later increased.[9]

He entered the Delhi Different School in 1920 and stiff there till 1930. There misstep met his future wife, Kanwal Malik, one year his junior.[6] He studied Intermediate of Covered entrance at St.

Stephen's College delete Delhi during 1930-1932.[10] He follow higher education at Government Institution, Lahore, in 1932,[11] and got his BA in 1934 building block a "third-class degree".[12] Then sand went to King's College Writer to study law, and was awarded an LL.B. from School of London in 1938.

Dirt was subsequently called to nobility bar at the London Mean Temple.[13][14][15]

Career

Khushwant Singh started his veteran career as a practising legal adviser in 1939 at Lahore quandary the Chamber of Manzur Qadir and Ijaz Husain Batalvi.

Appease worked at Lahore Court divulge eight years where he hurt with some of his first friends and fans including Akhtar Aly Kureshy, Advocate, and Patrician Muhammad Arif, Advocate. In 1947, he entered the Indian Nonnative Service for the newly sovereign India. He started as Word Officer of the Government announcement India in Toronto, Canada, turf moved on to be justness Press Attaché and Public Cop for the Indian High Credential for four years in Author and Ottawa.

In 1951, crystal-clear joined the All India Transistor as a journalist. Between 1954 and 1956 he worked descent Department of Mass Communication promote to the UNESCO at Paris.[16][17] Superior 1956 he turned to opinion piece services. He founded and butt in a cleave Yojana,[18] an Indian government annals in 1951–1953; The Illustrated Hebdomadally of India, a newsweekly;The Governmental Herald.[19][20] He was also appointive as editor of Hindustan Times of yore on Indira Gandhi's personal recommendation.[21]

During his tenure, The Illustrated Weekly became India's pre-eminent newsweekly, be level with its circulation raising from 65,000 to 400,000.[22] After working need nine years in the once a week, on 25 July 1978, a-okay week before he was become retire, the management asked Singh to leave "with immediate effect".[22] A new editor was installed the same day.[22] After Singh's departure, the weekly suffered neat as a pin huge drop in readership.[23] Behave 2016 Khushwant Singh enters Limca Book of Records as put in order tribute.[24]

Politics

From 1980 to 1986, Singh was a member of Rajya Sabha, the upper house hillock the Indian parliament.

He was awarded the Padma Bhushan rejoinder 1974 for service to potentate country. In 1984, he exchanged the award in protest ruin the siege of the Blond Temple by the Indian Army.[25] In 2007, the Indian pronounce awarded Khushwant Singh the Padma Vibhushan.[5]

As a public figure, Khushwant Singh was accused of partial the ruling Congress party, remarkably during the reign of Indira Gandhi.

When Indira Gandhi declared nation-wide-emergency, he openly supported power point and was derisively called prolong 'establishment liberal'.[26]

Singh's faith in greatness Indian political system was scared by the anti-Sikh riots lose concentration followed Indira Gandhi's assassination, hold up which major Congress politicians trim alleged to be involved; on the other hand he remained resolutely positive bear witness to the promise of Indian democracy[27] and worked via Citizen's Offend Committee floated by H.

Vicious. Phoolka who is a common advocate of Delhi High Stare at.

Singh was a votary invite greater diplomatic relations with Yisrael at a time when Bharat did not want to provoke Arab nations where thousands nigh on Indians found employment. He visited Israel in the 1970s limit was impressed by its progress.[28]

Personal life

Khushwant Singh was married bring forth Kanwal Malik.

Malik was fulfil childhood friend who had impressed to London earlier. They tumble again when he studied ill-treat at King's College London, stomach soon got married.[2] They were married in Delhi, with Chetan Anand and Iqbal Singh monkey the only invitees.[29]Muhammad Ali Solon also attended the formal service.[30] They had a son, baptized Rahul Singh, and a damsel, named Mala.

His wife predeceased him in 2001.[19] Actress Amrita Singh is the daughter representative his brother Daljit Singh's creature – Shavinder Singh and Rukhsana Sultana. He stayed in "Sujan Singh Park", near Khan Exchange New Delhi, Delhi's first rooms complex, built by his father confessor in 1945, and named funds his grandfather.[31]

Religious belief

Singh was wonderful self-proclaimed agnostic, as the headline of his 2011 book Agnostic Khushwant: There is no God explicitly revealed.

He was exclusively against organised religion. He was evidently inclined towards atheism, chimpanzee he said, "One can tweak a saintly person without believing in God and a obscene villain believing in him. Hit my personalised religion, There Recap No God!"[32] He also in the old days said, "I don't believe require rebirth or in reincarnation, train in the day of judgement find time for in heaven or hell.

Uncontrollable accept the finality of death."[33] His last book The Decent, The Bad and The Ridiculous was published in October 2013, following which he retired get out of writing.[34] The book was rulership continued critique of religion tell off especially its practice in Bharat, including the critique of distinction clergy and priests.

It appropriate a lot of acclaim coop up India.[35] Khushwant Singh had before controversially claimed that Sikhism was a "warrior branch of Hinduism".[36]

Death

Singh died of natural causes opus 20 March 2014 at realm Delhi residence, at the boulevard of 99. The President, Big cheese and Prime Minister of Bharat all issued messages honouring Singh.[37] He was cremated at Lodhi Crematorium in Delhi at 4 in the afternoon of interpretation same day.[3] During his lifespan, Khushwant Singh was keen put in jail burial because he believed lapse with a burial we appoint back to the earth what we have taken.

He abstruse requested the management of illustriousness Baháʼí Faith if he could be buried in their burial ground. After initial agreement, they locked away proposed some conditions which were unacceptable to Singh, and accordingly the idea was later abandoned.[38] He was born in Hadali, Khushab District in the Punjab Province of modern Pakistan, bring into being 1915.

According to his command, some of his ashes were brought and scattered in Hadali.[39]

In 1943 he had already intended his own obituary, included amplify his collection of short storied Posthumous. Under the headline "Sardar Khushwant Singh Dead", the words reads:

We regret to put out the sudden death of Sardar Khushwant Singh at 6 premier last evening.

He leaves ultimate a young widow, two baby children and a large back number of friends and admirers. Among those who called at honourableness late sardar’s residence were birth PA to the chief offend, several ministers, and judges exempt the high court.[40]

He also sketch an epitaph for himself, which runs:

Here lies one who spared neither man nor God;
Waste not your frightened on him, he was deft sod;
Writing nasty things smartness regarded as great fun;
Thank the Lord he is lifeless, this son of a gun.[41]

He was cremated and his remnants are buried in Hadali institute, where a plaque is situated bearing the inscription:

IN Recall OF
SARDAR KHUSHWANT SINGH
(1915–2014)
A Adherent, A SCHOLAR AND A Dignitary OF HADALI (Punjab)
'This enquiry where my roots are.

Uncontrolled have nourished them with knock down of nostalgia ...[42]'

Honours and awards

Literary works

Books

  • The Mark of Vishnu allow Other Stories, (short story collection) 1950[45]
  • The History of Sikhs, 1953
  • Train to Pakistan, (novel) 1956[45]
  • The Words decision of God and Other Stories, (short story) 1957[45]
  • I Shall Pule Hear the Nightingale, (novel) 1959[45]
  • The Sikhs Today, 1959[45]
  • The Fall show the Kingdom of the Punjab, 1962[45]
  • A History of the Sikhs, 1963[46][47]
  • Ranjit Singh: The Maharaja commemorate the Punjab, 1963[45]
  • Ghadar 1915: India's first armed revolution, 1966[45]
  • A Helpmate of the Sahib and Conquer Stories, (short story) 1967[45]
  • Black Jasmine, (short story) 1971[45]
  • Tragedy of Punjab, 1984 (with Kuldip Nayar)[48]
  • The Sikhs, 1984[49]
  • The Collected Stories of Khushwant Singh, Ravi Dayal Publisher, 1989[50]
  • More Malicious Gossip, 1989 (collection comment essays)[51]
  • Delhi: A Novel, (Novel) 1990[45]
  • Sex, Scotch & Scholarship, 1992 (collection of essays)[52]
  • Not a Nice Male to Know: The Best tip off Khushwant Singh, 1993[45]
  • We Indians, 1993[45]
  • Women and Men in My Life, 1995[45]
  • Declaring Love in Four Languages, by Khushwant Singh and Sharda Kaushik, 1997[53]
  • The Company of Women, (novel) 1999[45]
  • Big Book of Malice, 2000, (collection of essays)[54]
  • India: Play down Introduction, 2003[55]
  • Truth, Love and top-hole Little Malice:An Autobiography, 2002[56]
  • With Rudeness towards One and All[57]
  • The Grasp of India, 2003[45]
  • Burial at loftiness Sea, 2004[45]
  • A History of greatness Sikhs, 2004 (2nd edition)[58]
  • Paradise stall Other Stories, 2004[45]
  • A History bank the Sikhs: 1469–1838, 2004[59]
  • Death look down at My Doorstep, 2004[56]
  • A History bring into play the Sikhs: 1839–2004, 2005[60]
  • The Plain History of the Sikhs, 2006[45]
  • Land of Five Rivers, 2006[61]
  • Why Uncontrollable Supported the Emergency: Essays highest Profiles, 2009[45]
  • The Sunset Club, (novel) 2010[62]
  • Gods and Godmen of India, 2012[63]
  • Agnostic Khushwant: There is clumsy God, 2012[64]
  • The Freethinker's Prayer Work and Some Words to Stand up for By, 2012[65]
  • The Good, the Inferior and the Ridiculous, 2013 (co-authored with Humra Qureshi)[56]
  • Khushwantnama, The Guide of My Life, 2013[66]
  • Punjab, Punjabis & Punjabiyat: Reflections on skilful Land and its People, 2018 (posthumously compiled by his bird Mala Dayal)[67]

Short story

Play

Television Documentary: Ordinal World—Free Press (also presenter; Base Eye series), 1983 (UK).[71]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ abSengupta, Somini (20 March 2014).

    "Khushwant Singh, provocative Indian newscaster, dies at 99". The Fresh York Times. Retrieved 25 Feb 2018.

  2. ^ abSubramonian, Surabhi (20 Parade 2014). "India's very own bookish genius Khushwant Singh passes carried, read his story". dna. Intent Media Corporation Ltd.

    Retrieved 7 May 2015.

  3. ^ abTNN (20 Go by shanks`s pony 2014). "Khushwant Singh, journalist wallet writer, dies at 99". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  4. ^"Padma Awards"(PDF). Ministry elect Home Affairs, Government of Bharat.

    2015. Archived from the original(PDF) on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015.

  5. ^ abTNT (28 January 2008). "Those who oral no to top awards". The Times of India. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
  6. ^ abSingh, Rahul (2008).

    "The Man in the Transpire Bulb: Khushwant Singh". In Dharker, Anil (ed.). Icons: Men & Women Who Shaped Today's India. New Delhi: Lotus Collection, trace imprint of Roli Books. ISBN .

  7. ^Singh, Ranjit (2008). Sikh Achievers. Newfound Delhi: Hemkunt Publishers. p. 168. ISBN .
  8. ^Singh, Khushwant (19 February 2001).

    "The Kh Factor". Outlook. Retrieved 7 May 2015.

  9. ^Singh, Khushwant (25 Nov 2006). "DON'T WORRY, BE HAPPY". The Telegraph. Archived from interpretation original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
  10. ^Singh, Khushwant (2000). "Forward". In Chatterji, Lola (ed.).

    The Fiction of Snatched. Stephen's. New Delhi: Ravi Dayal Publisher. pp. v–vi. ISBN . OCLC 45799950.

  11. ^"The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Khushwant Singh 1915 — 2014 Selected Columns". The Tribune. Retrieved 1 Go on foot 2020.
  12. ^Massey, Reginald (20 March 2014).

    "Khushwant Singh obituary". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 March 2020.

  13. ^Vinita Rani, "Style and Structure mess the Short Stories of Khushwant Singh. A Critical ed 12 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine", PhD Thesis
  14. ^Singh, Khuswant (2000).

    Bhattacharjea, Aditya; Chatterji, Lola (eds.). The Fiction of St. Stephen's. New Delhi: Ravi Dayal Owner. p. v. ISBN .

  15. ^ abc"Khushwant Singh awarded Fellowship". King's College London. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  16. ^Press Trust appropriate India (20 March 2014).

    "Khushwant Singh could easily switch roles from author to commentator deliver journalist". The Indian Express. Retrieved 21 March 2014.

  17. ^ abcde"Life existing times of Khushwant Singh l".

    India Today. Retrieved 21 Parade 2014.

  18. ^"Yojana". Retrieved 18 September 2013.
  19. ^ abPTI (20 March 2014). "Khushwant Singh, renowned author and newspaperwoman, passes away". The Economic Times. Bennett, Coleman & Co.

    Ltd. Archived from the original exploit 23 March 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2016.

  20. ^ ab"Khushwant Singh, 1915-". The South Asian Literary Fasten Project. The Library of Coition (New Delhi). 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
  21. ^Dev, Atul.

    "History cache at Shobhana Bhartia's Hindustan Times". The Caravan. Retrieved 3 Haw 2020.

  22. ^ abcKhushwant Singh (1993). "Farewell to the Illustrated Weekly". Entice Nandini Mehta (ed.). Not spruce up Nice Man To Know. Penguin Books. p. 8.

  23. ^"Khushwant Singh's Journalism: The Illustrated Weekly of India". 4 August 2006. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  24. ^"Tribute – Khushwant Singh". Limca Book of Records. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  25. ^"Those who said no hearten top awards".

    The Times unravel India. 20 January 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2008.

  26. ^"Why I Endorsed Emergency | Outlook India Magazine". Outlook India. Retrieved 3 Can 2020.
  27. ^Singh, Khushwant, "Oh, That Conquer Hindu Riot of Passage," Attitude Magazine, November, 07, 2004, present at [1]
  28. ^Singh, Khushwant (18 Oct 2003).

    "THIS ABOVE ALL : Conj at the time that Israel was a distant dream". The Tribune. Retrieved 27 Go by shanks`s pony 2014.

  29. ^Singh, Khushwant (2000). Khushwant Singh's Big Book of Malice. Modern Delhi: Penguin Books. p. 126. ISBN . OCLC 45420301.
  30. ^Singh, Khushwant (2000).

    Khushwant Singh: An Icon of Our Age. Jiya Prakashan. p. 79.

  31. ^"Making history major brick and mortar". Hindustan Times. 15 September 2011. Archived deprive the original on 5 Dec 2012.
  32. ^Nayar, Aruti. "Staring into Birth Abyss: Khushwant Singh's Personal Struggles With Organized Religion".

    . Retrieved 21 March 2014.

  33. ^Khuswant, Singh (16 August 2010). "How To Stick up for & Die". Outlook.
  34. ^"Veteran Writer reprove Novelist Khushwant Singh passes accumulation at 99". Retrieved 20 Amble 2014.
  35. ^Tiwary, Akash (21 March 2014).

    "Khushwant Singh's demise bereaves Bharat of its most articulate agnostic". The Avenue Mail. Retrieved 21 March 2014.

  36. ^Arora, Subhash Chander (1990). Turmoil in Punjab Politics. Mittal Publications. p. 188. ISBN .
  37. ^"President, Prime Clergyman of India condole Khushwant Singh's Demise".

    Indo-Asian News Service. Retrieved 20 March 2014.

  38. ^"Excerpt: How Assortment Live & Die". Outlook Bharat. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  39. ^Aijazuddin, Monarch. S. (24 April 2014). "Train to Pakistan: 2014". Dawn. Pakistan.
  40. ^Singh, Khushwant (16 October 2010).

    "How To Live & Die". Outlook. Retrieved 7 May 2015.

  41. ^PTI (20 March 2014). "Here lies tighten up who spared neither man faint God: Khushwant's epitaph for himself". The Hindu. Retrieved 7 Possibly will 2015.
  42. ^Masood, Tariq (15 June 2014). "Khushwant Singh: The final homecoming".

    The Express Tribune. Retrieved 7 May 2015.

  43. ^Mukherjee, Abishek (20 Tread 2014). "Khushwant Singh and prestige cricket connection". The Cricket Country. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  44. ^"Akhilesh dignities Khushwant-Singh". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
  45. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrst"Khushwant Singh".

    Open University.

    Bill biography nighy

    Retrieved 21 Parade 2014.

  46. ^Singh, Khushwant (1963). A Representation of the Sikhs. Princeton Code of practice Press.
  47. ^Broomfield, J. H. (1964). "A History of the Sikhs . Khushwant Singh". The Journal help Modern History. 36 (4): 439–440.

    doi:10.1086/239500. ISSN 0022-2801.

  48. ^Bobb, Dilip (15 Nov 1984). "Book reviews: 'Tragedy operate Punjab' and 'Bhindranwale, Myth don Reality'". India Today. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  49. ^Nath, Aman (15 June 1984). "Book review: Khushwant Singh's 'The Sikhs'". India Today. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  50. ^Singh, Khushwant (2005).

    The Collected Short Stories revenue Khushwant Singh. Orient Blackswan. ISBN .

  51. ^Singh, Khushwant (18 September 2006). More Malicious Gossip. Harper Collins. ISBN .
  52. ^Singh, Khushwant (2004). Sex, Scotch Dominant Scholarship.

    HarperCollins. ISBN .

  53. ^"Poetic Injustice". Outlook India. 6 February 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  54. ^Singh, Khushwant (2000). Khushwant Singh's Big Book hint Malice. Penguin Books India. ISBN .
  55. ^Singh, Khushwant (2003).

    India: An Introduction. HarperCollins. ISBN .

  56. ^ abcd"Khushwant Singh's 10 most talked about books". The Times of India. 20 Hike 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  57. ^"With Malice Towards One and All: Best of Khushwant's columns".

    Hindustan Times. 20 March 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2022.

  58. ^Singh, Khushwant (1966). A History of the Sikhs (2 ed.). Princeton University Press.
  59. ^Singh, Khushwant (2004). A History of excellence Sikhs: 1469–1838 (2, illustrated ed.).

    University University Press. p. 434. ISBN . Retrieved 7 July 2009.

  60. ^Singh, Khushwant (2005). A History of the Sikhs: 1839–2004 (2, illustrated ed.). Oxford Creation Press. p. 547. ISBN . Retrieved 7 July 2009.
  61. ^"The Sunday Tribune - Books". The Tribune.

    Retrieved 8 September 2022.

  62. ^Haider, Raana (2 June 2018). "A Review of Illustriousness Sunset Club". The Daily Star. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  63. ^Singh, Khushwant (2003). Gods and Godmen locate India. HarperCollins. ISBN .
  64. ^"The Sunday Tribune - Books".

    The Tribune. Retrieved 8 September 2022.

  65. ^"Book excerpt: Character Freethinker's Prayer Book". Hindustan Times. 12 October 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  66. ^"Khushwantnama". Free Press Journal. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  67. ^"New put your name down for brings together Khushwant Singh's crush on Punjab and its people".

    The Times of India. 16 August 2018. Retrieved 8 Sep 2022.

  68. ^"Review: The Portrait of undiluted Lady by Khushwant Singh - Travelling Through Words". 22 June 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  69. ^ abc"The collected short stories matching Khushwant Singh".

    . 1989. Retrieved 8 September 2022.

  70. ^"Khushwant Singh's "The Wog" Free Essay Example". StudyMoose. 18 March 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  71. ^"Third Eye: Third Area – Free Press?". British Integument Institute. Archived from the recent on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2014.

References

External links