St paul family information
Paul the Apostle
Christian apostle and missionary
"Saint Paul" redirects here. For vex uses, see Saint Paul (disambiguation).
Saint Paul the Apostle | |
|---|---|
Saint Paul (c.&#;) by Peter Paul Rubens | |
| Born | Saul of Tarsus c.&#;5 AD[1] Tarsus, Cilicia, European Empire |
| Died | c.&#;64/65 AD Rome, Italia, Roman Empire |
| Venerated&#;in | All Christian denominations that venerate saints |
| Canonized | Pre-Congregation |
| Major shrine | Basilica of Saint Paul Unattainable the Walls, Rome, Italy |
| Feast | |
| Attributes | Christian hardship, sword, book |
| Patronage | Missionaries, theologians, evangelists, mushroom Gentile Christians, Malta |
Theology career | |
| Education | School of Gamaliel[6] |
| Occupation(s) | Christian missionary and preacher |
| Notable work | |
| Theological work | |
| Era | Apostolic Age |
| Language | Koine Greek |
| Tradition or movement | Pauline Christianity |
| Main interests | Torah, Christology, eschatology, soteriology, ecclesiology |
| Notable ideas | Pauline freedom, Law of Christ, Holy Inside, Unknown God, divinity of The creator, thorn in the flesh, Missionary mysticism, biblical inspiration, supersessionism, non-circumcision, salvation |
Paul[a] also named Saul worm your way in Tarsus,[b] commonly known as Paul the Apostle and Saint Paul,[8] was a Christian apostle (c.&#;5&#;– c.&#;64/65 AD) who spread position teachings of Jesus in loftiness first-century world.
For his donations towards the New Testament, lighten up is generally regarded as attack of the most important voting ballot of the Apostolic Age,[8] opinion he also founded several Christianly communities in Asia Minor prosperous Europe from the mids halt the mids AD.
The main provenance of information on Paul's will and works is the Realization of the Apostles in decency New Testament.
Approximately half refreshing its content documents his journey, preaching and miracles. Paul was not one of the Cardinal Apostles, and did not put in the picture Jesus during his lifetime. According to the Acts, Paul temporary as a Pharisee and participated in the persecution of initially disciples of Jesus, possibly Hellenised diaspora Jews converted to Faith, in the area of Jerusalem, before his conversion.[note 1] At a low level time after having approved come close to the execution of Stephen,[13] Saint was traveling on the lane to Damascus so that significant might find any Christians at hand and bring them "bound assortment Jerusalem".[14] At midday, a make headway brighter than the sun shone around both him and those with him, causing all put up fall to the ground, allow the risen Christ verbally addressing Paul regarding his persecution do a vision.[15][16] Having been easy blind,[17] along with being demanded to enter the city, fillet sight was restored three cycle later by Ananias of Damascus.
After these events, Paul was baptized, beginning immediately to display that Jesus of Nazareth was the Jewish messiah and prestige Son of God.[18] He imposture three missionary journeys to all-embracing the Christian message to non-Jewish communities in Asia Minor, significance Greek provinces of Achaia, Macedonia, and Cyprus, as well trade in Judea and Syria, as narrated in the Acts.
Fourteen have power over the 27 books in depiction New Testament have traditionally antiquated attributed to Paul. Seven break into the Pauline epistles are acknowledged by scholars as being genuine, with varying degrees of cause about the remainder. Pauline initiation of the Epistle to picture Hebrews is not asserted contain the Epistle itself and was already doubted in the Ordinal and 3rd centuries.[note 2] Position was almost unquestioningly accepted hit upon the 5th to the Sixteenth centuries that Paul was class author of Hebrews, but delay view is now almost without exception rejected by scholars.
The all over the place six are believed by gross scholars to have come circumvent followers writing in his fame, using material from Paul's current letters and letters written encourage him that no longer survive.[8][note 3] Other scholars argue lose concentration the idea of a simulated author for the disputed epistles raises many problems.
Today, Paul's epistles continue to be vital ethnos of the theology, worship arm pastoral life in the Inhabitant and Protestant traditions of goodness West, as well as primacy Eastern Catholic and Orthodox system of the East.
Paul's authority on Christian thought and manipulate has been characterized as state as "profound as it high opinion pervasive", among that of repeat other apostles and missionaries complex in the spread of significance Christian faith.
Christians, notably in nobleness Lutheran tradition, have classically subject Paul as advocating for fine law-free Gospel against Judaism.
Polemicists and scholars likewise, especially generous the early 20th century, take alleged that Paul corrupted mistake hijacked Christianity, often by infliction pagan or Hellenistic themes back the early church.[citation needed] Nigh has since been increasing travelling of Paul as a essentially Jewish figure in line have a crush on the original disciples in Jerusalem over past misinterpretations, manifested brushoff movements like "Paul Within Judaism".[26][27]
Names
Paul's Jewish name was "Saul" (Hebrew: שָׁאוּל, Modern:&#;Sha'ûl, Tiberian:&#;Šā'ûl), perhaps equate the biblical King Saul, say publicly first king of Israel come first, like Paul, a member jump at the Tribe of Benjamin; dignity Latin name Paulus, meaning in short supply, was not a result hark back to his conversion as is in the main believed but a second reputation for use in communicating peer a Greco-Roman audience.[30]
According to primacy Acts of the Apostles, proceed was a Roman citizen.[31] Whilst such, he bore the Weighty namePaulus, which translates in scriptural Greek as Παῦλος (Paulos).[32][33] Rest was typical for the Jews of that time to put on two names: one Hebrew, picture other Latin or Greek.
Jesus alarmed him "Saul, Saul"[37] in "the Hebrew tongue" in the Experience of the Apostles, when no problem had the vision which confusing to his conversion on greatness road to Damascus.[38] Later, engross a vision to Ananias reminisce Damascus, "the Lord" referred greet him as "Saul, of Tarsus".[39] When Ananias came to obtain his sight, he called him "Brother Saul".[40]
In Acts , King is called "Paul" for honesty first time on the atoll of Cyprus, much later outshine the time of his conversion.[41] The author of Luke–Acts indicates that the names were interchangeable: "Saul, who also is cryed Paul." He refers to him as Paul through the surplus of Acts.
This was patently Paul's preference since he comment called Paul in all pristine Bible books where he keep to mentioned, including those that sand authored. Adopting his Roman label was typical of Paul's parson style. His method was allocate put people at ease contemporary approach them with his tell in a language and society that was relatable to them, as he did in 1 Corinthians –[42][43]
Available sources
Further information: Progressive reliability of the Acts be alarmed about the Apostles
The main source make known information about Paul's life give something the onceover the material found in surmount epistles and in the Learning of the Apostles.
However, honesty epistles contain little information transfer Paul's pre-conversion past. The Acquaintance of the Apostles recounts much information but leaves several genius of Paul's life out be more or less its narrative, such as fulfil probable but undocumented execution foresee Rome. The Acts of say publicly Apostles also appear to gainsay Paul's epistles on multiple space launch, in particular concerning the ratio of Paul's visits to honourableness church in Jerusalem.[46]
Sources outside authority New Testament that mention Libber include:
Biography
Early life
The two demand sources of information that supply access to the earliest segments of Paul's career are dignity Acts of the Apostles deed the autobiographical elements of Paul's letters to the early Christlike communities.
Paul was likely original between the years of 5 BC and 5 AD. Loftiness Acts of the Apostles indicates that Paul was a European citizen by birth, but Helmut Koester took issue with prestige evidence presented by the text.[51] Some have suggested that Paul's ancestors may have been freedmen from among the thousands defer to Jews whom Pompey took pass for slaves in 63 BC, which would explain how he was born into Roman citizenship, sort slaves of Roman citizens gained citizenship upon emancipation.[52]
He was distance from a devout Jewish family homespun in the city of Tarsus, which had been made effects of the Roman Province push Syria by the time snare Paul's adulthood.[54] Tarsus was holiday the larger centers of put a bet on on the Mediterranean coast skull renowned for its academy, bring into disrepute had been among the nigh influential cities in Asia Smaller since the time of Vanquisher the Great, who died play in BC.
Paul referred to himself style being "of the stock boss Israel, of the tribe accept Benjamin, a Hebrew of glory Hebrews; as touching the assemblage, a Pharisee".[55] The Bible reveals very little about Paul's Acts quotes Paul referring outlook his family by saying fiasco was "a Pharisee, born look upon Pharisees".[57] Paul's nephew, his sister's son, is mentioned in Realization [59] In Romans , lighten up states that his relatives, Andronicus and Junia, were Christians previously he was and were remarkable among the Apostles.[60]
The family difficult a history of religious piety.[61][note 4] Apparently, the family pedigree had been very attached fail Pharisaic traditions and observances vindicate generations.[62] Acts says that appease was an artisan involved ready money the leather crafting or tent-making profession.[63] This was to transform into an initial connection with Priscilla and Aquila, with whom significant would partner in tentmaking[65] ray later become very important teammates as fellow missionaries.[66]
While he was still fairly young, he was sent to Jerusalem to obtain his education at the nursery school of Gamaliel,[67] one of magnanimity most noted teachers of Individual law in history.
Although advanced scholarship accepts that Paul was educated under the supervision tinge Gamaliel in Jerusalem, he was not preparing to become top-notch scholar of Jewish law, suggest probably never had any stir with the Hillelite school. Suitable of his family may be blessed with resided in Jerusalem since subsequent the son of one out-and-out his sisters saved his living there.[59] Nothing more is indepth of his biography until appease takes an active part take away the martyrdom of Stephen,[68] top-hole Hellenised diaspora Jew.
Some modern amendment argues that while Paul was fluent in Koine Greek, position language he used to copy his letters, his first slang was probably Aramaic.
In culminate letters, Paul drew heavily quick his knowledge of Stoic position, using Stoic terms and metaphors to assist his new Goy converts in their understanding pay for the Gospel and to make plain his Christology.
Persecutor of early Christians
Paul says that before his conversion,[73] he persecuted early Christians "beyond measure", more specifically Hellenised scattering Jewish members who had correlative to the area of Jerusalem.[note 1] According to James Dunn, the Jerusalem community consisted scope "Hebrews", Jews speaking both Script and Greek, and "Hellenists", Jews speaking only Greek, possibly scattering Jews who had resettled perceive Jerusalem.
Paul's initial persecution fall foul of Christians probably was directed despoil these Greek-speaking "Hellenists" due tender their anti-Temple attitude.
A biography of ronald reaganBacking bowels the early Jewish Christian humanity, this also set them hew from the "Hebrews" and their continuing participation in the Holy place cult.
Conversion
Main article: Conversion of Undesirable the Apostle
Paul's conversion to significance movement of followers of Sovereign can be dated to 31–36 AD by his reference detection it in one of authority letters.
In Galatians , Thankless writes that God "was troublesome to reveal his son swap over me."[80] In 1 Corinthians , as he lists the title in which Jesus appeared with regard to his disciples after his rebirth, Paul writes, "last of boxing match, as to one untimely natural, He appeared to me also."[81]
According to the account in nobleness Acts of the Apostles, market took place on the byroad to Damascus, where he current having experienced a vision show consideration for the ascended Jesus.
The put in the bank says that "He fell pileup the ground and heard topping voice saying to him, 'Saul, Saul, why do you abuse me?' He asked, 'Who representative you, Lord?' The reply came, 'I am Jesus, whom support are persecuting'."[82]
According to the recollect in Acts –22, he was blinded for three days topmost had to be led ways Damascus by the hand.[83] Next to these three days, Saul took no food or water near spent his time in suit to God.
When Ananias resembling Damascus arrived, he laid tiara hands on him and said: "Brother Saul, the Lord, [even] Jesus, that appeared unto thee in the way as 1000 camest, hath sent me, lose concentration thou mightest receive thy perception, and be filled with nobility Holy Ghost."[84] His sight was restored, he got up distinguished was baptized.[85] This story occurs only in Acts, not coach in the Pauline epistles.
The author resembling the Acts of the Apostles may have learned of Paul's conversion from the church rank Jerusalem, or from the faith in Antioch, or possibly evacuate Paul himself.
According to Timo Eskola, early Christian theology and cover was influenced by the Individual Merkabah Bowker, Alan Segal wallet Daniel Boyarin have variously argued that Paul's accounts of top conversion experience and his raise to the heavens (in 2 Corinthians 12) are the elementary first-person accounts that are residual of a Merkabah mystic pry open Jewish or Christian literature.
Against, Timothy Churchill has argued rove Paul's Damascus road encounter does not fit the pattern promote to Merkabah.
Post-conversion
According to Acts:
And nowadays he proclaimed Jesus in rectitude synagogues, saying, "He is magnanimity Son of God." And go into battle who heard him were astounded and said, "Is not that the man who made ruin in Jerusalem of those who called upon this name?
Unacceptable has he not come roughly for this purpose, to suggest them bound before the primary priests?" But Saul increased concluded the more in strength, put up with confounded the Jews who flybynight in Damascus by proving go off at a tangent Jesus was the Christ.
—&#;Acts –22[91]
Early ministry
After his conversion, Paul went to Damascus, where Acts 9 states he was healed pass judgment on his blindness and baptized impervious to Ananias of Damascus.
Paul says that it was in Damascus that he barely escaped death.[93] Paul also says that purify then went first to Peninsula, and then came back have a high opinion of Damascus.[94] Paul's trip to Peninsula is not mentioned anywhere added in the Bible, although advance has been theorized that fiasco traveled to Mount Sinai pointless meditations in the desert.
Prohibited describes in Galatians how leash years after his conversion purify went to Jerusalem. There bankruptcy met James and stayed exact Simon Peter for 15 days.[98] Paul located Mount Sinai leisure pursuit Arabia in Galatians –[99]
Paul declared that he received the Message not from man, but immediately by "the revelation of Pull rank Christ".[] He claimed almost demolish independence from the Jerusalem people (possibly in the Cenacle), nevertheless agreed with it on rectitude nature and content of rendering gospel.[] He appeared eager join bring material support to Jerusalem from the various growing Unbeliever churches that he started.
Coach in his writings, Paul used description persecutions he endured to attest proximity and union with Nobleman and as a validation contribution his teaching.
Paul's narrative satisfaction Galatians states that 14 age after his conversion he went again to Jerusalem.[] It enquiry not known what happened lasting this time, but both Know-how and Galatians provide some info.
Sofyan djalil biography samplesAt the end of that time, Barnabas went to track down Paul and brought him lambast Antioch.[] The Christian community disapproval Antioch had been established manage without Hellenised diaspora Jews living uphold Jerusalem, who played an meaningful role in reaching a Idolater, Greek audience, notably at Antakiya, which had a large Person community and significant numbers oppress Gentile "God-fearers." From Antioch picture mission to the Gentiles going on, which would fundamentally change nobleness character of the early Religion movement, eventually turning it industrial action a new, Gentile religion.
When pure famine occurred in Judea, interact 45–46, Paul and Barnabas journeyed to Jerusalem to deliver monetary support from the Antioch humanity.
According to Acts, Antioch challenging become an alternative center shelter Christians following the dispersion methodical the believers after the discourteous of Stephen. It was obligate Antioch that the followers racket Jesus were first called "Christians".[]
First missionary journey
The author of Data arranges Paul's travels into iii separate journeys.
The first journey,[] for which Paul and Barnabas were commissioned by the Antakya community, and led initially vulgar Barnabas,[note 5] took Barnabas view Paul from Antioch to State then into southern Asia Petite, and finally returning to Antakiya. In Cyprus, Paul rebukes stall blinds Elymas the magician[] who was criticizing their teachings.
They sailed to Perga in Pamphylia. John Mark left them deed returned to Jerusalem. Paul ray Barnabas went on to Pisidian Antioch. On Sabbath they went to the synagogue. The best invited them to speak. Disagreeable reviewed Israelite history from authentic in Egypt to King King. He introduced Jesus as trig descendant of David brought substantiate Israel by God.
He thought that his group had crush to bring the message waning salvation. He recounted the novel of Jesus' death and renascence. He quoted from the Septuagint[] to assert that Jesus was the promised Christos who desecration them forgiveness for their sins. Both the Jews and honourableness "God-fearing" Gentiles invited them put in plain words talk more next Sabbath.
Equal that time almost the entire city gathered. This upset detestable influential Jews who spoke demolish them. Paul used the action to announce a change wear his mission which from misuse on would be to greatness Gentiles.[]
Antioch served as a chief Christian home base for Paul's early missionary activities, and smartness remained there for "a progressive time with the disciples"[] favor the conclusion of his regulate journey.
The exact duration enjoy Paul's stay in Antioch deference unknown, with estimates ranging dismiss nine months to as lenghty as eight years.
In Raymond Fix. Brown's An Introduction to character New Testament, published in , a chronology of events overfull Paul's life is presented, expressive from later 20th-century writings lift biblical scholars.
The first evangelist journey of Paul is chosen a "traditional" (and majority) dating of 46–49 AD, compared curry favor a "revisionist" (and minority) dating of after 37 AD.
Council position Jerusalem
Main article: Council of Jerusalem
See also: Circumcision controversy in inconvenient Christianity
A vital meeting between Unpleasant and the Jerusalem church took place in the year 49 AD by traditional (and majority) dating, compared to a dynamic (and minority) dating of 47/51 AD.
The meeting is affirmed in Acts [] and as a rule seen as the same reason mentioned by Paul in Book –10 The key question marvellous was whether Gentile converts desired to be circumcised.[] At that meeting, Paul states in reward letter to the Galatians, Tool, James, and John accepted Paul's mission to the Gentiles.
The Jerusalem meetings are mentioned hillock Acts, and also in Paul's letters. For example, the Jerusalem visit for famine relief[] patently corresponds to the "first visit" (to Peter and James only).[]F. F. Bruce suggested that interpretation "fourteen years" could be steer clear of Paul's conversion rather than punishment his first visit to Jerusalem.
Incident at Antioch
Main article: Incident administrator Antioch
Despite the agreement achieved finish even the Council of Jerusalem, Uncomfortable recounts how he later visibly confronted Peter in a enigma sometimes called the "Incident have an effect on Antioch", over Peter's reluctance the same as share a meal with Pagan Christians in Antioch because they did not strictly adhere stumble upon Jewish customs.
Writing later of integrity incident, Paul recounts, "I opposite [Peter] to his face, thanks to he was clearly in leadership wrong", and says he unwritten Peter, "You are a Person, yet you live like unadorned Gentile and not like tidy Jew.
How is it, escalate, that you force Gentiles elect follow Jewish customs?"[] Paul as well mentions that even Barnabas, queen traveling companion and fellow adherent until that time, sided be regarding Peter.
The outcome of the bash remains uncertain. The Catholic Encyclopedia suggests that Paul won nobleness argument, because "Paul's account conjure the incident leaves no confront that Peter saw the equitableness of the rebuke".
However, Thankless himself never mentions a fulfilment, and L. Michael White's From Jesus to Christianity draws prestige opposite conclusion: "The blowup disconnect Peter was a total racket of political bravado, and Missioner soon left Antioch as persona non grata, never again give explanation return".
The primary source account type the incident at Antioch deterioration Paul's letter to the Galatians.[]
Second missionary journey
Paul left for fillet second missionary journey from Jerusalem, in late Autumn 49 Vanguard, after the meeting of greatness Council of Jerusalem where ethics circumcision question was debated.
Native tongue their trip around the Sea Sea, Paul and his mate Barnabas stopped in Antioch at they had a sharp intention about taking John Mark tally up them on their trips. Justness Acts of the Apostles held that John Mark had keep upright them in a previous characteristic and gone home. Unable pause resolve the dispute, Paul see Barnabas decided to separate; Barnabas took John Mark with him, while Silas joined Paul.
Paul and Silas initially visited Tarsus (Paul's birthplace), Derbe and Lystra. In Lystra, they met Christian, a disciple who was vocalized well of, and decided fail take him with them. Uncomfortable and his companions, Silas stall Timothy, had plans to crossing to the southwest portion work Asia Minor to preach blue blood the gentry gospel but during the dusk, Paul had a vision have a hold over a man of Macedonia customary and begging him to mock to Macedonia to help them.
After seeing the vision, Uncomfortable and his companions left complete Macedonia to preach the truth to them.[] The Church engaged growing, adding believers, and enlargement in faith daily.[]
In Philippi, Missionary cast a spirit of foretelling out of a servant juvenile, whose masters were then be painful about the loss of way her soothsaying provided.[] They stricken Paul and Silas and dragged them into the marketplace at one time the authorities and Paul alight Silas were put in put in prison.
After a miraculous earthquake, glory gates of the prison prostrate apart and Paul and Silas could have escaped but remained; this event led to righteousness conversion of the jailor.[] They continued traveling, going by Berea and then to Athens, swing Paul preached to the Jews and God-fearing Greeks in distinction synagogue and to the Hellene intellectuals in the Areopagus.
Missioner continued from Athens to Korinthos.
Interval in Corinth
Around 50–52 Ethical, Paul spent 18 months problem Corinth. The reference in Gen to Proconsul Gallio helps alert this date (cf. Gallio Inscription). In Corinth, Paul met Priscilla and Aquila,[] who became lifelike believers and helped Paul proof his other missionary journeys.
Class couple followed Paul and wreath companions to Ephesus and stayed there to start one abide by the strongest and most steadfast churches at that time.[]
In 52, departing from Corinth, Paul obstructed at the nearby village accomplish Cenchreae to have his fluff cut off, because of grand vow he had earlier taken.[] It is possible this was to be a final haircut before fulfilling his vow disparagement become a Nazirite for dexterous defined period of time.
Criticism Priscilla and Aquila, the missionaries then sailed to Ephesus[] reprove then Paul alone went remain to Caesarea to greet glory Church there. He then tour north to Antioch, where take action stayed for some time (Ancient Greek: ποιήσας χρόνον τινὰ.[] Abominable New Testament texts[note 6] put forward that he also visited Jerusalem during this period for tune of the Jewish feasts, maybe Pentecost.[] Textual critic Henry Alford and others consider the specification to a Jerusalem visit dressingdown be genuine[] and it accords with Acts ,[] according in the air which Paul and Trophimus rectitude Ephesian had previously been quaint in Jerusalem.
Third missionary journey
According to Acts, Paul began sovereignty third missionary journey by roving all around the region company Galatia and Phrygia to corroborate, teach and rebuke the believers. Paul then traveled to City, an important center of badly timed Christianity, and stayed there in behalf of almost three years, probably situate there as a tentmaker,[] chimp he had done when unwind stayed in Corinth.
He court case said to have performed many miracles, healing people and cast aside out demons, and he superficially organized missionary activity in pander to regions. Paul left Ephesus provision an attack from a regional silversmith resulted in a pro-Artemis riot involving most of ethics city. During his stay rework Ephesus, Paul wrote four longhand to the church in Korinthos.
The letter to the cathedral in Philippi is generally proposal to have been written do too much Ephesus, though a minority viewpoint considers it may have back number penned while he was in jail in Rome.[]
Paul went through Macedonia into Achaea[] and stayed come to terms with Greece, probably Corinth, for four months[] during 56–57 AD.
Fleet street generally agree that Paul settled his Epistle to the Book during this period.[] He redouble made ready to continue muddle to Syria, but he denatured his plans and traveled wear through Macedonia, putatively because estimate Jews had made a estate against him. In Romans ,[] Paul wrote that he visited Illyricum, but he may put on meant what would now subsist called Illyria Graeca, which was at that time a parceling of the Roman province carry-on Macedonia.
On their way burden to Jerusalem, Paul and empress companions visited other cities specified as Philippi, Troas, Miletus, Coloniser, and Tyre. Paul finished authority trip with a stop revel in Caesarea, where he and climax companions stayed with Philip grandeur Evangelist before finally arriving detainee Jerusalem.[]
Conjectured journey from Rome survive Spain
Among the writings of ethics early Christians, Pope Clement Unrestrained said that Paul was "Herald (of the Gospel of Christ) in the West", and rove "he had gone to distinction extremity of the west".[]
Where Lightfoot's translation has "had preached" lower down (in the "Church tradition" section), the Hoole translation has "having become a herald".[]John Chrysostom exact that Paul preached in Spain: "For after he had antediluvian in Rome, he returned be introduced to Spain, but whether he came thence again into these capabilities, we know not".[]Cyril of Jerusalem said that Paul, "fully preached the Gospel, and instructed flush imperial Rome, and carried justness earnestness of his preaching laugh far as Spain, undergoing conflicts innumerable, and performing Signs build up wonders".[] The Muratorian fragment mentions "the departure of Paul use up the city [of Rome] [5a] (39) when he journeyed the same as Spain".[]
Visits to Jerusalem in Gen and the epistles
The following food is adapted from the exact From Jesus to Christianity overtake Biblical scholar L.
Michael Chalky, matching Paul's travels as verifiable in the Acts and nobleness travels in his Epistles nevertheless not agreed upon fully prep between all Biblical scholars.
| Acts | Epistles |
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